USI.40+Provide+examples+of+the+various+effects+of+the+Civil+War.

=This is an early draft page that is not active= = = =USI. 40 Provide examples of the various effects of the Civil War.=
 * ====Physical and economic destruction====
 * ====The increased role of the federal government====
 * ====The greatest loss of life on a per capita basis of any US war before or since.====

The two most major effects of the Civil War (1861-1865) were:

 * the end of slavery in the United States and
 * the reunification of the [|geographic United States] into one country.

Slavery was officially over in the United States with the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, freeing slaves in areas of rebellion, and the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, ending slavery for the whole nation (except those convicted of crimes) in 1865. Still, its legacy continues. Here is a short list of examples of slavery’s legacy in the U.S.:
 * formation of the [|Klu Klux Klan] in 1865;
 * ongoing second-class status of African Americans in the U.S., leading in part to a back-to-Africa movement in the 1920s and the founding of Liberia, in West Africa
 * segregation in the South codified in the ‘Jim Crow’ laws
 * a segregated military until the 1950s
 * prevention of full voting rights for African Americans until mid-1960s
 * underrepresentation in elected offices; for example: in the 140 years since Reconstruction, only three African-Americans have been state governors; the third is N.Y. Governor David Patterson, who took office after the resignation of Gov. Eliot Spitzer in March 2008 (the first was L. Douglas Wilder, Governor of Virginia 1990-1994, the second is Deval Patrick, elected as Governor of Massachusetts in 2006).

This list could go on much longer; however, it is also important to note the achievements of many African-Americans despite great obstacles and impediments, including advances in politics, science, education, social services, and the arts, by individuals such as Alice Walker, Maya Angelou, Harriet Tubman, Sonia Sanchez, Leontyne Price, Condoleeza Rice, Shirley Chisholm, Oprah Winfrey, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Florence Griffith Joyner, Clara McBride "Mother" Hale, Sojourner Truth, Zora Neale Hurston, Bessie Smith, Ida B. Wells, Ella Fitzgerald, and hundreds of others.

Other effects of the Civil War also include these developments:
 * policies of Reconstruction;
 * continued resentment in the South towards the North;
 * mantra ‘states rights’; although started with the anti-federalists during the ratification debates of the U.S. Constitution, southern states took up the cause as the main reason for secession, and after the war, as the region’s main complaint against the national government: that states should have more autonomy;
 * electoral voting patterns that show the South often (but not always) voting as a bloc and shifting results of presidential elections through the latter half of the 19th and entire 20th centuries (see map and discussion below);
 * the assassination of President Lincoln.

**Voting Bloc of the South:**
[|Maps showing elections] during and after Reconstruction (1863-1877), and shows the South voting more and more as a unified body. This voting trend affected presidential politics through modern elections.

Launched over 100 years after the end of the Civil War, Nixon’s “Southern Strategy,” in the 1968 presidential elections, for example, established Republican dominance in the South by painting the Democrats as pro-civil rights and pro-African-American (//Out of Many…//), and the Republicans as pro-family and work, separate from all “counterculture.” Nixon’s strategy is ironic, in historical terms, since it was the Republicans under Lincoln who fought against slavery on a governmental level, most notably in the [|Lincoln-Douglas debates] in 1858-1859.

The South was so unified in its dislike of President Johnson’s signing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, moreover, five southern states (Ga., Ala., Miss., La., Ark.) went even further to the right than Nixon, and supported Alabama Governor George Wallace’s independent candidacy, whose gubernatorial slogan had been “Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!”

The South has voted majority Republican ever since the 1968 presidential campaign.


 * __ Sources: __**


 * Books: **

Armitage, Susan H.; Mari Jo Buhle; Daniel Czitrom; John Mack Faragher; //Out of Many: A History of the American People//; Fourth Edition; Prentice Hall, N.J.; 2003.

Brogan, Hugh; //The Penguin History of the USA//; Penguin Books, London; 1999.

[1] http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/classroom/index.html Ken Burns’s documentary The Civil War web site [2] http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/elections.html#list printable presidential election maps 1789-2000 [3] http://www.pbs.org/amex/lincolns The Time of the Lincolns – see “A Teacher’s Guide” [4] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns/politics/es_shift.html Three maps show to progression of slavery and its effects on the geography of the U.S. [5] http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/')|http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/]] The American Civil War Homepage [6] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/peopleevents/e_klan.html details the rise of the KKK [7] Podcasts of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, as interpreted by two Lincoln scholars; this link also gives good summaries of the debates in podcast list http://www.knox.edu/x20497.xml
 * Web Sites **