Key+Concept+6.3


 * < Key Concept 6.2**

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=New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society and Culture (1900-present)=



I. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the twentieth century.
//**What new governmental institutions emerged as a result of the 20 th  century conflicts? **//  -Global:  -United Nations  -League of Nations  -European Union -The New Deal Programs  -World Trade Organization  -World Health Organization  -UNESCO  -UNICEF  -National:  -USA: “The New Deal”, NASA, various conservation administrations  -Russia: dissolution of USSR and formation of Russia Federation

See **World History II.29** on the establishment of the United Nations and the writing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

· Various conflicts: World War I and II, Cold War <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· Global warming <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· New communication technology <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· Willingness to cooperate <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- The Great Depression //**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What role did they play in the world during the 20 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super;">th <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> century? **// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· They enabled the world to establish standards (ie. Weapon control, limits on dangerous emissions from the Kyoto Protocol) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· Attempted to settle conflicts through peaceful negotiation <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· Technology race, especially US-Soviet space race <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Attempted to strengthen the economy
 * //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What made these new institutions possible? //**




 * A. In the Communist states of the Soviet Union and China, governments controlled their national economies.**
 * **Joseph Stalin's 5-year plan (1928).**
 * Development of machines, steel and transportation. Stalin starved the farmers in Europe's Bread Basket and sent all food to factory workers. Farmers buy from black market to survive.
 * Mao Zedong attempted remove all landlords and create an agrarian society. He attempted to modernize Chinese culture as well.

This plan developed agriculture and industry which Mao believed both were needed to feed off each other. To allow for this, China was reformed into a series of communes.
 * __Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)__**-

Great Leap Forward Propaganda Posters from chineseposters.net

The movie //To Live// shows the changes under Mao using the experiences of one family.

[|Tiananmen Square, Then and Now] has photographs of the demonstrations and the repressive response of the government; from //The Atlantic//.

See [|Visualizing China: 1850-1950]for the photos from Chinese history and society.

For more
 * on China Today
 * on China in the 20th century, see World History II.33.


 * B. At the beginning of the century in the United States and parts of Europe, governments played a minimal role in their national economies. With the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· European Union: United the countries of Europe and unified them under one currency <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· United Nations: Allowed for intervention of one country in to another country’s affairs in an attempt to help the people who may be suffering under a country’s rule <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· Globalization: economies as well as culture
 * //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How did new international organizations affect the relationship of states and peoples around the world? //**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//government intervention in the economy//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: The New Deal, The Fascist corporatist economy]

//**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What were the economic effects of new international organizations? Humanitarian effects? **// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· Promoted more trade relations between nations <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· Establishment of one single currency in the European Union <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· UNESCO helped to create global goals of erasing poverty and increasing communication across the globe <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· UNICEF distributed vaccines to underdeveloped African nations
 * C. In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//governments guiding economic life//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: Nasser's promotion of economic development in Egypt, The encouragement of export-oriented economies in East Asia]
 * D. At the end of the twentieth century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization.**

//**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How did international trade and commerce develop in the 20 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super;">th <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> century? **// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· The collapse of many European states after World War II called for the establishment of a united Europe, which was accomplished by the European Union. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· After World War II, there was an era of superpowers, nations such as US, China, and the Soviet Union, that dominated global trade. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· The rise of the superpowers saw that many raw resources were concentrated in the hands of the very powerful nations
 * //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How did these economic developments affect the distribution of world resources? //**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//governments encouraging free market policies//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: The United States beginning with Ronald Reagan, Britain under Margaret Thatcher, China under Deng Xiaoping, Chile under Pinochet]


 * II. States, communities and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process facilitated by the growth of international organizations. **

For history and forecasts on the World Wide Web, see[| Imagining the Internet]from Elon University.


 * A. New international organizations formed to maintain world peace and to facilitate international cooperation.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//new international organizations//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: The League of Nations, The United Nations, The International Criminal Court]


 * B. New economic institutions sought to spread the principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//new economic institutions//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO)]


 * C. Humanitarian organizations developed to respond to humanitarian crises throughout the world.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//humanitarian organizations,//** either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: UNICEF, The Red Cross, Amnesty International, Doctors Without Borders, World Health Organization (WHO)]

For background, see [|Ebola Virus]from Microbe Wiki at Kenyon College
 * Ebola**

[|This Map will show you every Ebola Outbreak in History] from Time (November 2014)

See World History II.45 for material on AIDS in Africa.
 * AIDS**


 * D. Regional trade agreements created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital and goods across national borders.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//regional trade agreements//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: The European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN, Mercosur]


 * E. Multinational corporations began to challenge state authority and autonomy.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//multinational corporations//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: Royal Dutch Shell, Coca-Cola, Sony]

The book [|//A History of the World in Six Glasses//]has a chapter on Coca-Cola that shows how it made itself multinational.


 * F. Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of global integration.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//protest movements//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: Greenpeace, Green Belt in Kenya, Earth Day]

III. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender and religion; often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions.

 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">The nature vs. nurture argument began to appear, which stated that the nature of a person could not be changed by social engineering but that certain qualities were produced if they were nurtured. As such, it was believed that social change could improve moral qualities and achievements.

[|The Path of Protest] is an interactive timeline of Middle East pro-democracy protests in 2010.


 * A. The notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//human rights//**, either from the list below or an example of your choice: The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Women's rights, The end of the White Australia Policy] -Female suffrage -Civil RIghts movement in America

See the [|Global Gender Gap Report 2014] from the World Economic Forum with country profiles


 * B. Increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes led to the formation of new cultural identities and exclusionary reactions.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//new cultural identities//**, from the example that follows or an example of your choice: Negritude]

[Teach one illustrative example of **//exclusionary reactions//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: Xenophobia, Race riots, Citizenship restrictions]

//**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How did communities of faith respond to the rapid changes in the 20 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 8px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super;">th <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> century? **// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· The increase in scientific practices and Darwin’s Origin of Species and theories of evolution caused conflict between science and religion <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· The factuality of religion was put into question <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· In wake of the poor social conditions, some turned to faith <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Gandhi led movements to achieve peace and freedom from the British hold on the Indian colony
 * C. Believers developed new forms of spirituality and chose to emphasize particular aspects of practice within existing faiths and apply them to political issues.**

[Teach one illustrative example of **//new forms of spirituality//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: New Age Religions, Hare Krishna, Falun Gong, (hippies?)]

[Teach one illustrative example of **//application of religion to political issues//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: Fundamentalist movements, Liberation Theology]

The movies The Mission and Romero show Liberation Theology. The book and movie Persepolis show Iranian fundamentalism.

IV. Popular and consumer activities became global.

 * A. Sports were more widely practiced and reflected national and social aspirations.**

//**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How did the global nature of culture affect sports, music, fashions, and the arts? **// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The increase of an international culture led to the establishment of the Olympics which brought together nations in sports competitions <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Beatles became a worldwide sensation, which led to globalization of music <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">o <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Modernism, cubism, futurism and postmodernism became art movements that were accepted by global community

The Olympics, beginning in the turn of the 19th century, were started by Coubertin's committee hoping to revitalize the competitive spirit brought on by the ancient games.

The[| 2008 DBQ]asked students to "analyze factors that shaped the modern Olympic movement from 1892 to 2002."

The [|2012 DBQ]asked students to "analyze the relationship between cricket and politics in South Asia from 1880 to 2005."


 * B. Changes in communication and transportation technology enabled the widespread diffusion of music and film**.

[Teach one illustrative example of **//the diffusion of music and film//**, either from the list that follows or an example of your choice: Reggae, Bollywood]

[|The Web at 25 in the U.S.] from Pew Research Internet Project (February 27, 2014).

[|2004 Founders' Letter: An Owner's Manual for Google Shareholders], written by Larry Page and Sergey Bain

For a perspective on technology's impact, see [|Teaching the iGeneration] by Larry Rosen (Educational Leadership, February 2011). He looks at different generations and the place of technology in their lives:
 * Silent Generation (1925-1946)
 * Baby Boomers (1946-1964)
 * Generation X (1965-1979)
 * Generation Y(1980-1999)
 * Also known as Millennials
 * Generation Z (2000 - present)
 * What Comes After Millennials? Meet the Generation Known as the Linksters

Using the film //Lagaan// could effectively hit both Key Concept 6.IV.A+B. It is a Bollywood film about Cricket.

For more on technology and other social trends, see United States History II.30


 * See Transforming Tech wiki Issues and Trends for information about technology in schools and the lives of students.