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=**Explain the various causes of the Industrial Revolution**=

**//Focus Question: What factors contributed to Industrial Revolution in America after the Civil War?//**
A. The economic impetus provided by the Civil War
 * Topics on the Page: **

B. Important technological and scientific advances
 * === See Dramatic Event Page: **The Transcontinenta** ** [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Chicago_World%27s_Fair_1893_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg width="572" height="390" align="right" caption="Chicago World's Fair 1893" link="Transcontinental Railroad"]] l Railroad that includes **===
 * Primary Sources
 * Video Resources
 * Chinese Railroad Workers
 * Native Americans
 * Picture Books About the Transcontinental Railroad
 * Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution
 * ** See Influential Biography Page on Mother Jones, Labor Activist and Community Organizer **
 * Child Laborers
 * Inventions
 * Cotton Gin
 * Internal Combustion Engine
 * Electricity
 * Telegraph
 * Metallurgy
 * Telephone
 * Mineograph

C. The role of business leaders, entrepreneurs, and inventors
 * Alexander Graham Bell
 * Influential Biography page for **Alexander Graham Bell and the History of the Telephone**
 * Andrew Carnegie
 * Thomas Edison
 * J.P. Morgan
 * John D. Rockefeller
 * Cornelius Vanderbilt
 * ** Women in Business and the Cult of Domesticity **
 * ** Influential Biography page for Hetty Green, the Richest Woman in America in the Gilded Age **
 * ** Madame C. J. Walker, the first Black American Woman to be a Self-Made Millionaire **

**For more on Industrial America, see AP United States History 15**

See also Economics 2.5 for background on wealth, income and power in American society

The Economic Impetus of the Civil War

 * This website traces the impact slavery had on the Industrial Revolution
 * 1893 Chicago World's Fair: Many Industrial Revolution inventions were showcased here.
 * The first part of this Crash Course U.S. History video describes the causes of the Industrial Revolution, especially the Civil War.
 * Click here to watch a half hour video on The American Industrial Revolution created by United Learning, part of Discovery Education. Teacher's guide to this video can be found here.

Economic Factors
• The newly established transcontinental railroad allowed raw materials to be sent to manufacturers in a cost-efficient manner. • Americans began migrating from rural to more urban areas, providing a workforce for factories. • Lack of free labor in the South forced Americans to find a new labor base. This base was the “blue collar worker.”

For a perspective on one industry, see Coal Mining in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era from The Ohio State University

A Visual [|Timeline for Industrialization] from 1865-1895

[[image:resourcesforhistoryteachers/Female_Rose.png]] **Women Workers & The Industrial Revolution**
"The Industrial Revolution in part was fueled by the economic necessity of many women, single and married, to find waged work outside their home. Women mostly found jobs in domestic service, textile factories, and piece work shops. They also worked in the coal mines. For some, the Industrial Revolution provided independent wages, mobility and a better standard of living. For the majority, however, factory work in the early years of the 19th century resulted in a life of hardship." [10]

"The experiences of African American and immigrant women were different from America-born women of European descent. Gender definitions and the rise of industrialization shaped the labor experiences of all women, but African Americans and immigrants faced the added burdens of racial and ethnic perceptions. As women’s labor expanded and changed during the 19th century, women workers in various occupations united into workers’ organizations for labor reform." 11] [|This diary entry] offers a view into the life of the famous female workers of the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts. Lesson plan with Primary Sources: Examining the experiences of women textile workers: @http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/textile.html

Click here for an article about industrialization in the development of the Pioneer Valley(Springfield, MA)

===**Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution**=== Child labor workers were actually common in colonial America.
 * Prior to the Industrial Revolution, many children worked on farms or learned trades through apprenticeships.
 * These forms of child labor declined during the early 19th century, but children working in factories became more common.
 * Children could be paid lower wages, easy to manage, and could not form unions. Children as young as six years old were working in the factories.
 * There were labor laws that required children to attend school and be paid a minimum wage, but they were rarely enforced.
 * Click here for more information.

// Working Conditions of Children // Days were frequently very long, about 12-14 hours (sometimes up to 19 hours) with a 1 hour break. They were paid very little, if at all. Many orphans worked without pay in exchange for clothes, shelter, and food, all of which were of low standards. The children were often hurt or killed by the machinery. It was also common for supervisors to beat them for not following directions or not meeting quotas. Click here for more information.

Click here for a quick video on working conditions of children during the industrial revolution

Click here for a BBC site on child labor in developing countries in present day.

**African Americans in the Industrial Revolution**
Industrialization also affected the African American population. Even though slavery had now been outlawed by law African American citizens were not free from discrimination during the Industrial Revolution.

More on the African American experience of Post-Civil War Industrialization: [|Industrialization and the Dominate-Minority Relations]

Video [|African American History of Industrial Revolution] giving perspective on the history we see in textbooks about the Industrial Revolution


 * Picture is a Child Spinner in Bibb Mill No. 1, Macon, Ga, 1909. She had to climb up on to the spinning frame to mend broken threads **


 * Click here for a lesson plan that revolves around the photographs of Terry Hines, who documented child labor during the Industrial Revolution
 * Click here for "Childhood Lost: Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution"
 * Lesson plan with Primary Sources: Reading testimonials of women & children working in the mines through writings and illustrations: @http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/coalMine.html

Click here for a timeline of African American history impacted by industrialization

** Inventions **
[|Interactive Timeline of inventions]

Invented early in the Industrial Revolution (patented in 1807).
 * The Cotton Gin**

Eli Whitney revolutionized cotton production in the South.

For more on the cotton gin and slavery in the South, see **United States History I.29**

**See also page on Eli Whitney and the Development of the Cotton Gin**


 * The Internal Combustion Engine**
 * The Internal Combustion Engine is invented, patented, and improved upon until it is finally used in machinery and early automobiles.

[|Brief biography of Nikolaus Otto: Inventor of the internal combustion engine]


 * Electricity**
 * Electricity is able to be generated for the first time, and is demonstrated at the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair.

In this 1870 John Gast painting titled //American Progress//, a woman representing the United States strings telegraph wire as she travels across the Western frontier. The areas in front of her are dark because they have not yet been brought the benefits of modern industry.
 * Telegraph**
 * Perfected by Samuel Morse, the telegraph allowed for messages to be transmitted over long distances.
 * The use of telegraphs relied on a special language of communication called "[|Morse code]."


 * Metallurgy**
 * Metallurgy extracts metal from ores to purify and alloy metals


 * Telephone**
 * The Telephone is invented, in 1876, by Alexander Graham Bell . He also invented the metal detector and the phonograph.

Mimeograph
Duplicator that makes copies of documents with stencils



Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs
For background, see [|The Gilded Age] from PBS American Experience and[| America's Gilded Age] from the Henry Morrison Flager Museum.

The term "Gilded Age," was coined by one of the most prolific authors of the period: Mark Twain. To read the letters and writings of Mark Twain, click [|here].

The Industrial Age in America: Robber Barons and Captains of Industry from EDSITEment.

[|The Wealthiest Americans Ever], lists short biographies of the 30 richest individuals in an infographic format, from the New York Times (July 15, 2007).
 * See [|The 30 Richest Americans of all Time--Inflation Adjusted] for figures from 2013.
 * **See also John D. Rockefeller was the Richest Person to Ever Life. Period**


 * Andrew Carnegie **

See PBS website, "The Richest Man in the World."

• Industrialist, Businessman, and Philanthropist. • Founder of Carnegie Steel Company, which later became the US Steel Company. • Presided over the Homestead Strike, in which workers went on strike after wage cuts • Founded the Carnegie Institute of Technology, which is now Carnegie-Mellon University.

Andrew Carnegie became successful using a business technique called "horizontal integration.

A description of both it and Rockefeller's vertical integration can be found [|here.]

Andrew Carnegie on The Gospel of Wealth (June 1889) Carnegie Speaks: A Recording of the Gospel of Wealth



Thomas Edison
• Inventor and Businessman • Invented the light bulb. • Patented the Electric Distribution Center in 1888 • Held 1,093 patents

Click [|here] to learn about Edison's most famous inventions.

Edison's Patent Application for the Light Bulb (1880)

Thomas Edison, Electricity and America from the Library of Congress



__J.P. Morgan__
• Financier, Banker, Philanthropist, and Art Collector. • Arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thompson-Houson Electric Company to form General Electric in 1892. • After his death, he bequeathed most of his art collection to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. • After his father’s death, JP Morgan took control of J.S. Morgan & Co.



John D. Rockefeller
• Industrialist and Philanthropist. • Founded the Standard Oil Company in 1862. • Before his death, Rockefeller became the wealthiest man in the world, and the first Billionaire. He held 90 percent of the world's oil refineries, 90 percent of marketing of oil, and one-third of all the oil wells. • “His foundations pioneered the development of medical research, and was instrumental in the eradication of hookworm and yellow fever.” • For more, visit [|The Rockefellers] from PBS American Experience.
 * See also John D. Rockefeller was the Richest Person to Ever Life. Period**



[|Cornelius Vanderbilt]
• Entrepreneur • His railroad company's name was Accessory Transit Company. • He acquired the New York and Harlem Railroad in 1862-63, the Hudson River Railroad in 1864, and the New York Central Railroad in 1867. In 1869, they were merged into New York Central and Hudson River Railroad.

For primary documents from the Library of Congress (including maps, the first telegraphic message, and nursery rhymes of the time) and helpful suggestions and resources for teachers, visit the Teacher's Guide Primary Source Set: The Industrial Revolution in the United States.

[[image:Female_Rose.png]]Women in Business and the Cult of Domesticity
Women in Business: A Historical Perspective, Smithsonian

Enterprising Women--A History

Notes on the Cult of Domesticity and True Womanhood

How Did the Cult of Domesticity Oppress and Empower Women in the Nineteenth Century?

**Madame C. J. Walker**

Madame C. J. Walker in the National Archives


 * [[image:Quill_and_ink.png link="@https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/lydia-estes-pinkham/"]]Lydia Pinkham Estes**

See also a biography of Lydia Estes from Women Working, 1800-1930


 * See also Influential Biography page on Hetty Green, The Richest Woman in America in the Gilded Age**

**Correct Answer: B**
Click [|here] to learn about the experiences of Chinese-American and Irish-American workers on the Central-Pacific Railroad, the Western-most section of the Transcontinental Railroad.