5.6

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 * < Standard 5.5** ................................................................................................................................................ **Standard 5.7 >**

== Explain the early relationship of the English settlers to the indigenous peoples, or Indians, in North America, including the differing views on ownership or use of land and the conflicts between them (e.g., the Pequot and King Philip’s Wars in New England). ==

//**Focus Question: What were the relationships between the English settlers and the indigenous peoples of New England in the period before the American Revolution?**//

 * Topics on the Page **
 * Teaching Resources **
 * **Dramatic Event Page: Pueblo Revolt of 1680**
 * Native Cultures and Societies **
 * **Pre-Contact Native American Dwellings**
 * Cultural Encounters **
 * **Squanto**
 * Native/Settler Conflicts **
 * **Powhatten Confederacy**
 * **Pequot War**
 * **King Philip's War**
 * **Weetamoo**
 * **Dramatic Event Page on Peskeompskut Massacre or Battle of Great Falls (May 19, 1676)**
 * **Pontiac's War**
 * **Battle of Fallen Timbers**
 * Land Ownership and Use **
 * ** Three Sisters Planting Method **
 * ** Special Topic page on Svalbard Global Seed Bank and the Doomsday Vault **
 * Native American Ideas on Government **

**Teaching Resources**
**The Raid on Deerfield: The Many Stories of 1704** presents a multicultural perspective of the viewpoints of Native American tribes as well as French and English colonists from information about the raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts.

See Dramatic Event page on the ** Pueblo Revolt of 1680 **


 * Click here for an interactive exhibit on First American Art from the National Museum of the American Indian

Click here for a brief overview of New England Colonization

[|1628 Across the Continent] from PBS explores the Native American tribes in North America before European encounters.
 * **Tribes in the New England/Northeast Region**

Native American-European Contact in the Colonial Period from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. See also [|Native Americans: Original Natives of North Carolina]from Documenting the American South.

Episode 1 in PBS's series, We Shall Remain, details colonial interactions between Pilgrims and the Wampanoag. You can watch the streaming episode here.


 * The Narrative of the Captivity and the Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson (1682) shows the anger and conflict that existed between Indian and colonial cultures in the frontier where they co-existed.
 * Click here for the text of a [|1675 Massachusetts law forbidding Native Americans from entering Boston].
 * The law was repealed by the Massachusetts legislature in 2005.

Here is a video from crash course explaining English and Native American relationship in both New England and Virginia

Click **[|here]** for information about the importance of the Native American women and other information of the early Native American Tribes.

** Native Cultures and Societies **

 * "The Peoples of the Northeast Woodlands lived across North America from New England to the Great Lakes and south to Kentucky and West Virginia.**
 * **As many as 100 tribal nations, some 250,000 people, occupied this area until the 1500s.**
 * **There were two major language groups: Algonquian and Iroquoian" (quoted from a permanent display at the Berkshire Museum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts).**


 * [[image:Screen Shot 2016-02-27 at 11.29.04 AM.png link="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20828/20828-h/20828-h.htm"]][|Here]** is a link to the book, "Traditions of the North American Indian vol. 3," written by James Athearn Jones.

[|This Tribal Nations Map] shows the different tribes/ language groups that were present before colonization.

In 1607, English settlers built the first permanent settlement in Jamestown, Virginia. When settlers arrived, the Iroquois Indians had already established a powerful Confederacy of the five main Iroquois speaking tribes. This organization of tribes was established mainly for the purpose of trading with the Dutch, and later, the British.

With the arrival of European settlers, many of the tribes were forced westward off of their lands and were also seriously effected by the new diseases and types of warfare Europeans brought with them.

However, Native Americans valued the trade with Europeans because it allowed greater wealth which resulted in newer, more powerful materials and weapons for the Native Americans.

Finally, the new trade opportunities allowed the Native Americans, the Iroquois in particular, to form alliances with European nations in order to control some of the trade.



[[image:Screen Shot 2017-02-24 at 12.30.24 PM.png]]Pre-Contact Native American Dwellings
Native American Houses included wigwams, longhouses, tepees, adobe houses, chickees, earthen houses, plank houses, wattle and daub houses, grass houses, pueblos, igloos and more.


 * [|Native American Housing] from the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History including Native American Regions and Housing Maps

Here is a link to the home page of the Mashantucket Pequot Museum which features a large scale replica of a Pequot village

Not Primitive Al All: Indian Houses from John Smith's Chesapeake Voyages, 1607-1609

[|Native Housing and Lodging] from Pokanoket Ttribe/Wampanoag Nation

Cultural Encounters
For a summary of the events and resources for teachers, click on What Was Early Contact Like Between Europeans and Nativesfrom Great Britain's National Archives Website.


 * Talking about native cultures of any kind can be difficult and culturally inconsiderate. In an attempt to reframe students' thoughts about native cultures, read "[|Body Ritual Among the Nacirema]", an article explaining how prejudiced we can be when observing the characteristics of "primitive" cultures, something that unfortunately appears when discussing the Native Americans.

The indigenous population of the Native Americans in New England were decimated by the diseases spreading north from the Spanish in the south. Many tribes had disappeared before the English came. There were remnant bands of individuals without tribal affiliation.

**[[image:Screen Shot 2017-03-23 at 1.58.11 PM.png]]Squanto**


Squanto escaped the diseases that affected his tribe by being kidnapped years earlier in a cycle of slavery that was common at this time.

Squanto allied himself with the English who had captured him. He was later instrumental in the success of the first English settlement in Plimoth.

Squanto: The former Slave. History of Massachusetts Blog

For background link to Native Intelligence by Charles Mann, Smithsonian (December 2005)

Here's the Crazy Story about Thanksgiving You've Never Heard, Huffington Post (November 25, 2015)

Roger Ebert's Review of Disney Movie, Squanto: A Warrior's Tale
 * Link here for a trailer for the film

For a few lessons about Plimoth and how to discuss issues with students, [|click here].

For an interactive view of the Plimoth settlement as told by the ancestors of both sides, [|click here for What Happened at the First Thanksgiving?].

Slavery: A Captivating issue
Slavery was an ordinary facet of life for all the cultures of this time, both European and Native American.
 * The fear of disease and slavery made the Native Americans distrust the English.
 * The English were fearful of the kidnappings that were a regular features of Native American life.
 * Tribes would raid other tribes to bolster their populations. Captives would replace those in the tribe lost to raids or any other death.
 * The fate of a captive would depend on their status. Infants were regularly killed. Women and the infirm were killed as well so as not to slow down the raiding party's escape. This was a facet of native life that horrified the English and was considered normal by the Native Americans.

Native People/European Settler Conflicts and Wars
=POWHATAN CONFEDERACY in Virginia =

[|War and Peace with Powhatan's People]

[|Powhattan Indian Attack of March 22, 1622] in Virginia is described by Virtual Jamestown.

What had started in a wary but peaceful manner deteriorated into a spiral of violence as the English developed a siege mentality due to the constant fear of Native American raids that would destroy their existence. It is this mentality that would bear bitter fruit when the English got the upper hand. For more, see [|Virginia's Early Relations with Native Americans]

**Pequot War (1636-1638)**
click on the following link for a timeline of the major events of the Pequot War.

Click here to see an overview of the Pequot War on YouTube from the History Channel.

[|Click here] for a summary of more conflicts and Colonial-Native interactions.

For a summary of new research on the Pequot War, click on the following link from the Fairfield (Connecticut) Museum and History Center.

The Great Swamp Fight Slavery and the Pequot War
 * Scene of a massacre of Native women, children and old men by English soldiers

** King Philip's War (1675-1676) **


 * For background see, **
 * ** [|King Philip's War] from the Connecticut River Homepage from the Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst. **
 * **[|King Philip's War and the "Sudbury Fight"]** from the Sudbury Massachusetts Senior Center.

[|Metacom Relates Indian Complaints about the English Settlers, 1675]
 * Click here to see historians talk about the importance of the King Phillip's War


 * [|King Philip's War Breaks Out, June 24, 1675] from MassMoments, a web publication of the Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities.

**Peskeompskut Masscre or Battle of Great Falls** (May 19, 1676)

 * [[image:Female_Rose.png]]Weetamoo, Female Pocasset Wampanoag Chief**


 * Who? Weetamoo**


 * Weetamoo: Heart of the Pocassets// Discussion Guide**


 * A Severe and Proud Woman She Was: Mary Rowlandson Lives Among the Indians, 1675**



Pontiac's War (1763)
[|Pontiac's Rebellion] from Ohio History Central

[|Proclamation Line of 1763]

[|Pontiac's War]

The Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)
[|Battle of Fallen Timbers from Ohio History Central]

[|Battle of Fallen Timbers, 20 August 1794,] U.S. Army History Museum

[|Fallen Timbers Battlefield]

[|Treaty of Greenville] (1795)

The French Factor
Complicating an already deep cultural divide was the issue of religion. One of these villages was St. Francis. This village was a main player in the raid on Deerfield. The population of St. Francis was one of the most diverse of its time. Three of its chiefs were English captive children that had grown up as Native American. There was no racial distinction made in the culture that developed. Once adopted into the tribe, the tribe became your identity. This idea was horrifying to the English who considered the Catholics to be heretics and thought that the captured children would be condemned to Hell.
 * Both the English and the French had missionaries to convert the natives to Christianity.
 * The English formed Christian towns and expected that as part of their conversion experience, the Native Americans would embrace the English lifestyle as well. This idea met with limited success.
 * The French embraced the native lifestyle and turned a blind eye to the habit of captive raids. As a result, Catholicism became deeply rooted in the Native Americans.
 * The Jesuit priests formed many Christian villages welcoming tribe-less Abenaki people. These villages became a particular scourge to the English as they were driven to capture young people to convert the heretic English to the true faith of Catholicism.

===Eunice Williams was a famous captive child who assimilated into the Native American culture and was converted to Catholicism.===

**Views of Native American and English Colonists on Land Ownership and Use**
European settlers had profoundly different views on how to use land, and the resulting conflicts completely changed the patterns of Native life, as Charles Mann reported in National Geographic Magazine, May 2007 about the settlement of Jamestown in Virginia.

For more information on the conflicts between European settlers and the Native Americans, please visit **[|www.angelfire.com]**


 * Native peoples carefully managed the land and soil. When crop yields fell, they let the forest recover. They burned sections of the forest to keep down the underbrush. With no domestic animals, there was no need for fences. They grew corn, squash and beans, crops that saved the soil's fertility. They would move their villages when they needed new land to cultivate. Native peoples believed that they "owned" the land only as long as they were using it.
 * European settlers, on the other hand, sought to recreate the English landscape. They planted crops and when the land was no longer fertile, used it for grazing, giving no time for the soil to recover. Colonists fenced in their plots of land rather than their livestock so the animals further disrupted the environment by eating native crops and wild foods. The settlers believed in permanent ownership of land.


 * Three Sisters Planting Method**

Corn, Squash, and Beans are grown together on the same mound of soil.

[|How to Plant the Three Sisters] from the Cornell University Cooperative Extension and Department of Horticulture

[|The Three Sisters . . . and That Fourth Sister No One Really Talks About]

**Native American Ideas of Governance and the U. S. Constitution**


Iroquois Confederacy and the U. S. Constitution from Portland State University offers lesson plans for teachers and students.

http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/colonial/indians/indians.html http://odeo.com/episodes/22217545-Episode-6-King-Philip-s-War-Great-Moments-in-History http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tcrr/sfeature/sf_interview.html
 * Resources** http://www.wvculture.org/hiSTory/indland.html