WHII.38

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=Describe the development and goals of nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East, including the ideas and importance of nationalist leaders.=



// ** For more on when African nations gained independence, see World Geography A.5. **//

//**For background on global conflicts and their consequences, see AP World History Key Concept 6.2.**//

I. Spiritual Leaders

 * =====** Mahatma Gandhi **=====

II. Political Leaders

 * =====**Fidel Castro**=====
 * =====**Patrica Lumumba**=====
 * =====**Ho Chi Minh**=====
 * =====**Gamal Abdel Nasser**=====
 * =====**Jawaharlal Nehru**=====
 * =====**Juan Peron**=====
 * =====**Muhammad Mossaddegh**=====
 * =====**Ayatollah Khomeini**=====

A. Mahatma Gandhi
**For more, see World History II 12 **


 * Gandhi was the first nonviolent protester.
 * "Satyagraha" is nonviolent protest
 * His political actions against the British Empire inspired many of the civil rights movements all over the world, most notably the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. of the United States.
 * Protested discriminatory treatment of Indians by the British Empire
 * Wanted to end the caste system

Click here for an article about Gandhi's impact on women's rights


 * [[image:primary_sources.PNG link="@http://www.mkgandhi.org/speeches/qui.htm"]]Quit India Speeches (1942)**

Statement in the Great Trial of 1922 My Spiritual Message, 1925 (audio recording).

Helpful site about Gandhi from the Gandhi Research Foundation, Bombay, India. Gandhi: A Manga Biography, Kazuki Ebine. Penguin Books, 2013

**Lesson Plans:** Click here for a lesson plan on Gandhi's nonviolent protests. Click here for a lesson plan on Gandhi and the Salt Laws in 1930.

A. Fidel Castro (Cuba)
For more on the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War, see AP United States History 23.

See also Dramatic Event Page on the Cuban Missile Crisis

See Grade 4.30 for more on Cuban history and independence.

[|10 Economic Facts about Cuba], Brookings, July 17, 2015


 * Background on Fidel Castro**
 * President of Cuba until his resignation in 2006
 * Became First Secretary for the Communist Party in Cuba in 1965
 * Became President of Council of State and President of Council of Ministers in 1976
 * In 1956 in Mexico, Castro organized an invasion of Cuba and gained control of the government
 * Maintained a volatile relationship with the United States (Cuban Missile Crisis increased tension between Russia and Cuba and the United States)
 * Ally of the former USSR
 * Centralized Cuba's economy
 * Encouraged social reforms such as improved health care for Cubans and expanded amounts of public education
 * Cuban Revolution (1952-1958)

Click here for a timeline of post-revolution Cuba.

**Primary Sources:**
 * Cuban Revolution, 1953 includes excerpts from early speeches by Fidel Castro.
 * Fidel Castro's Letter of Resignation, February 19, 2008
 * Fidel Castro's Letter to Nikita Khrushchev, Cuban Missile Crisis, October 28, 1962
 * Kennedy Sought Dialogue with Cuba has oval office tapes and other documents in 1963.

**Lesson Plans:** Click here for a lesson plan comparing Fidel Castro to Hugo Chavez. PBS has a film on Fidel Castro and teacher resources to accompany it. Click here for a lesson plan on Castro's resignation and additional resources. New York Times has a plan for teaching about US and Cuban relations.

B. Patrice Lumumba (Congo)


Click here for a short video from the History Channel about Lumumba.
 * First legitimately elected Prime Minister of the Congo (1960)
 * Staunch anti-colonialist who ensured Congo's break from Belgium's rule
 * Helped found Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) which encouraged Pan-Africans to explore anti-colonial options.
 * Although he was assassinated shortly after he became prime minister, Lumumba's legacy still drives and inspires politics in the region to this day. Click here for an article about the assassination from the Guardian.
 * The Tragedy of Lumumba: an exchange.

C. Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)
For more see, United States II.20 and AP World History 6.2.

A Biography of Ho Chi Minh See also, The OSS and Ho Chi Minh: Unexpected Allies in the War Against Japan, Dixee R. Bartholomew-Feis, 2009.
 * led the Viet Minh to independence in 1941
 * became leader of Communist Vietnam in 1945
 * ended French colonialization of Vietnam in 1954
 * American support denied to Ho Chi Minh because of his communist ties
 * became president of communist run Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1955
 * died in 1969 but remains a revered figure for communist leaders in Vietnam to this day
 * Another great book, Patriots: The Vietnam War Remembered from All Sides, Christian Appy,

**Primary Sources:**
 * Appeal Made on the Occasion of the Founding of the Indochinese Communist Party, February 18, 1930
 * Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945
 * Ho Chi Minh Reference Archive from Marxists.org

Teaching the American War In Vietnam through the eyes of the Vietnamese.

D. Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)

 * Prime Minister of Egypt from 1954-1970
 * leader of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952
 * responsible for instilling pride in the Arab people
 * advocate of public education
 * anti-colonialist; responsible for eradicating European domination of the region
 * nationalized the Suez Canal resulting in the Suez Crisis and The War of 1956
 * [[image:Multimedia.png]]Click here for a video of a speech given by Nassar after the war with English subtitles.

Biography of President Gamal Abdel Nasser
 * close ties with the USSR after Six Days' War
 * The war caused countless Arab deaths, and as a result, a public loss of respect for Nasser occurred.

Timeline of Gamal Abdel Nasser's life and career

E. Jawaharlal Nehru (India)

 * first Prime Minister of the Republic of India (1947)
 * encouraged Muslims to remain in India despite the increasing amounts of violence in the area
 * incorporated a Five Year Plan in India that would increase production of agriculture, mining, and industry to boost the economy
 * advocate for public education
 * supported the United Nations and refused to align with the US or the USSR during the Cold War, called the Non-Alignment Movement
 * friend of Gandhi
 * pacifist

D aughter was Indira Gandhi, first female Indian Prime Minister.

Go here for a [|brief biography].

Click here for an article about her assassination

A Passage to India. the Nationalist Movement, and Independence Click here for a sound clip of him speaking on India's Independence Day.

F. Juan Peron (Argentina)
Look here for an outline of Peron's rise to power, influence, and legacy:.
 * President of Argentina for three non-consecutive terms, 1946-52. 1952-55 and 1973-74.
 * concerned about the rights and welfare of the lower classes
 * Five Year Plan implemented to increase industrialization
 * harbored ex-Nazis in Argentina
 * read about when he was disposed in 1955

Click here for a timeline that includes information on Argentina's involvement with Nazis post-WWII. Click here for a minute video about Peron. Peron's wife, Eva (Evita) Peron, was actively involved during his time in power until her death in 1952. She was immensely popular with the Argentine people and it is said that she was real power behind Peron.

Read her obituary from the New York Times. View a video of her last speech with English subtitles, notice the crowd's reaction.

=G. Muhammad Mossaddegh (Iran)=
 * Iranian anti-colonial nationalist: elected Prime Minister of Iran in 1950
 * Famous for nationalizing the oil industry in Iran
 * Believed in secular progress, specifically regarding education and women's suffrage
 * Overthrown in 1953 during an American-backed military coup de tat
 * Mossaddegh Biography
 * 1953 Coup De Tat: Operation Ajax

Six Myths about the Coup Against Mossaddegh from National Interest.

Recently, the CIA admitted they were behind the 1953 Coup, read an article from 2013, and watch a half hour news segment about it.

Click here for a video about the CIA's assassination of Mossaddegh

Click here for a video about Operation Ajax, the mission to assassinate Mossaddegh

=H. Ayatollah Khomeini= For more about the 1979 Iran Revolution and Ayatollah Khomeini, see World History II 47. Khomeinism: A collection of Islamic Essays Ebook on Khomeini's philosophies Khomeini's point of view on Female Employment; this video highlights the lengths women have to go through to justify their ability to work. Teaching Ayatollah Khomeini
 * Spearheaded the Iranian Revolution in 1978-1979 and established the Islamic Republic.
 * Nationalist, Radical Islamist.H
 * Staunchly anti-West/ anti-American.

Additional Resources
Link to create a jeopardy game for the nationalist leaders and the ideas they represent (free!): Start building a jeopardy template.

African History Resource Page maintained by Professor Jim Jones at West Chester University provides excellent resources on efforts of African nations to achieve independence from their colonial rulers. United Nations Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 1960. Click here for the text of the Declaration. Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples by specialized agencies and international institutions associated with the United Nations, 1994. 2008 National Geographic article on the last colonies still held by the United States, the United Kingdom, France and New Zealand. Crash Course video regarding Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant