WHII.48

=media type="custom" key="29542051" align="right"= =Describe America's response to and the wider consequences of the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC.=
 * Standard WHII.47**

Wider Consequences

 * ** Anti-Muslim Discrimination: Activities and Groups **

Department of Defense

 * **Memorials and Remembrances**



**//Focus Question: How did the United States respond to the 9/11 terrorist attacks?//**
===**For more, see United States History standards USII.33 and** **AP United States History 28.**===


 * FAQs about 9/11 from the 9/11 Memorial and Museum**

Initial Responses
President George W. Bush Speaks from the Oval Office, 9/11, 2001. President George W. Bush declares "War on Terrorism" (September 20, 2001).

-Immediate increase in national security standards -Intervention in Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003)
 * 1) **Authorization for use of Military force**: September 18, 2001. One week after the attacks, Congress resolves that the United States must have the right to defend itself against "treacherous acts of violence." The authorization also states "that the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons."
 * 2) **Uniting And Strengthening America By Providing Appropriate Tools Required To Intercept And Obstruct Terrorism Act Of 2001 (USA PATRIOT ACT).** Essentially, this act permits financial institutions to release information with other institutions in order to "identify and report" and terrorist activities to the federal government. (ex. NYPD Counterterrorism Unit)
 * USA Patriot Act ("Dispelling the Myths" from U. S. Department of Justice Information website.)
 * USA Patriot Act ("Reform the Law" from the American Civil Liberties Union website.)
 * 1) [[image:599px-US-NationalCounterterrorismCenter-Seal.svg1.png width="223" height="224" align="right"]] **Establishment of the Department of Homeland Security** through the Homeland Security Act of 2002. New Federal department dedicated to co mbating terrorism and reducing the effects if one occurs.

On October 7, 2001, Osama bin Laden sent his "Letter to America" which outlined the reasons for the attack on the United States, as well as what al-Qaeda was calling for the United States to do.
 * See the full text of the letter: "Letter to America"

Wider Consequences
UN Security Council Resolution 1373: September 28, 2001. Call for need to "prevent and combat terrorist acts," "to prevent and combat terrorist __financing__," and to extradite and prosecute terrorists.
 * 1) Responses from international community: most countries condemn the attacks and offer sympathy and assistance to the United States.
 * 2) G8 counter-terrorism commitment: September 19, 2001. Call for counter-terrorism conventions, condemn the attacks, justice, and enhancement of counter-terrorism cooperation.

**Anti-Muslim Discrimination: Activities and Groups**
Map of Incidents of Anti-Mosque Activity since 2005, American Civil Liberties Union

Anti-Muslim Groups, 2000-2016, Southern Poverty Law Center

Muslim Community in the Catskills Faces Right-Wing Fear, Threats, North County Public Radio (July 12, 2017)

Anti-Sharia Law Bills in the United States, Southern Poverty Law Center (August 8, 2017). Texas and Arkansas Have Enacted anti-Sharia Legislation

Know Your Rights: Discrimination Against Immigrants and Muslims: Includes cards explaining individual rights



[[image:map-ancient-rome-2.jpg width="96" height="68"]]Military Response to War on Terrorism
This before/after aerial photograph shows Saddam Hussein's palace pre- and post-U.S. intervention in Iraq.

This interactive map of Baghdad shows violence in the city since foreign occupation. It also breaks the city down into ethnic areas.

This animated map of Iraq details Iraq War Coalition fatalities through 2007.

Department of Defense
Afghanistan and Iraq War Casualties from 2001 to the present from CNN. 9/11 Commission Report: Executive Summary 9/11 Digital Archive - 400+ TV clips

The 9/11 Interactive Timeline.




 * **Memorials and Remembrances**

Across the United States, efforts were made to remember what happened.

The memorials built at the World Trade Centers; Shanksville, PA; and the Pentagon provide materials, lesson plans, and primary source documents to teach about the events for students of various levels.

[|Lesson Plans from the 9/11 Memorial] are coded to the Common Core, interdisciplinary and feature different plans for younger and older grade level students.

[|Understanding September 11] from Scholastic has lesson plans and resources for students at all grade levels.



==== **Link to Towers Falling**, a young adult novel by Jewel Parker Rhodes about the 9/11 attacks ====

__Sources__
1. http://www.september11news.com/InternationalReaction.htm 2. http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/terrorism/sjres23.es.html 3. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.03162: 4. http://www.fincen.gov/pa_main.html 5. http://www.september11news.com/ 6. http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_previous_summits/kananaskis_summit_-_2002/g8_counter-terrorism_cooperation_since_september_11th_backgrounder.html 7.http://www.defendamerica.mil/wot.html 8.http://www.nypdshield.org/public/initiatives.nypd