19.+1920s


 * < Topic 18** .............................................................................................................................................. ** Topic 20 > **

** The 1920's in America is known as the "roaring twenties," the "golden twenties," and the Jazz Age **
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 * The picture to the right shows President Warren G. Harding in the cab of a Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ("Milwaukee Road") Electric Locomotive, 1923. **

** Topics on the page **

 * The Great Migration **
 * The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 **
 * Presidents in the 1920s **
 * Women in the 1920s **
 * The Scopes Trial **
 * Native American Experience and Citizenship **
 * The Stock Market Crash of 1929 **

**Link to United States History II.10 on struggles between traditionalism and modernity in the 1920s with material on the following topics**.
 * ** Prohibition **
 * ** Harlem Renaissance **
 * ** Women's Roles and Women's Suffrage **
 * ** The Scopes Trial **
 * ** The Red Scare **
 * ** The Boston Police Strike of 1919 **
 * ** Post-War Prosperity and the Automobile **

[[image:Screen Shot 2016-01-04 at 11.31.08 AM.png]]Link to **Dramatic Event Lesson Plan on Prohibition Era Songs of Reform**
[|Film Review: Prohibition]Historian Tona Hangen examines Ken Burns's documentary.

**[[image:Rotating_globe-small.gif width="43" height="39"]]The Great Migration**

 * African Americans left the South for the industrial opportunity that presented itself in the North during what would be called **The Great Migration.** African Americans headed northbound where in many cases they would find better pay, better living standards, and an improved political prowess.

For more, listen to an NPR podcast, [|The Great Migration: The African American Exodus North] (September 10, 2010).

[|Chicago: Destination for the Great Migration] from the Library of Congress African-American Mosaic.


 * [[image:Rotating_globe-small.gif]]Tulsa Race Riot of 1921**

[|Remember the Tulsa Race Riot] from //Teaching Tolerance// Magazine. This riot, started on May 31, 1921, was the bloodiest attack on African-American citizens in U.S. history.
 * For more information, see [|Tulsa Race Riot] from the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture and [|Tulsa Race Riot] from the Tulsa Historical Society.

[|Tulsa Race Riot Photographs] from the University of Tulsa Library.


 * [|As Survivors Dwindle, Tulsa Confronts the Past] from //The New York Times//, June 19, 2011.

[|The Eruption of Tulsa: An NAACP Official Investigates the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921] from //Nation//, June 29, 1921. [|Tulsa Race Riot: Survivors and Descendants Recall]posted on YouTube.


 * [|Reparations for the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921] reports on efforts by U. S. Representative John Conyers to establish a commission to study reparations for slavery and racial injustice in this country.



[[image:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG width="80" height="53"]]**The Presidents and their Accomplishments**

 * 28. **Woodrow Wilson** (1913-1921) Established his "14 Points" during WWI which led the the creation of the League of Nations.

Harding did sign a joint resolution officially ending the state of war between Germany and America.
 * 29. **Warren G. Harding** (1921-1923) Although his presidency was littered with scandals,


 * 30. **Calvin Coolidge** (1923-1929) was best known for his Laissez-Faire approach to economics. His most contentious issue was providing relief for struggling farmers, who to this day are viewed as people who need to be protected in a global economy. The 30th President of the United States "Silent Cal" is best known for proclaiming that " the business of America is business"


 * 31. **Herbert Hoover** (1929-1933) was the president during The Great Depression. Hoover was in China during the Boxer Rebellion (1900), and he organized the relief efforts for trapped foreigners.

For information on foreign policy, see [|1921-1936: Interwar Diplomacy] from the State Department's Office of the Historian.

American Jazz Culture in the 1920's
 * According to Paul Reuben of the Perspectives in American Literature website, the "Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the middle of the 1930s Depression, during which a group of talented African-American writers produced a sizable body of literature in the four prominent genres of poetry, fiction, drama, and essay."

[[image:Female_Rose.png]][|Women in the 1920's]
Visit here for the National Archives image of the 19th amendment (as well as related teaching materials).
 * August 18, 1920 - Women are given the right to vote when the 19th Amendment to the United States constitution grants universal women's suffrage.
 * Also known as the Susan B. Anthony amendment, in recognition of her important campaign to win the right to vote.
 * Visit here for a summary of the legal fight for the amendment.

It is important to note that the effects of the 19th Amendment were not immediately felt, but that the women's movements in the 1920s laid the foundation for social change in the following decades.
 * June 17th, 1928 - Amelia Earhart became the first woman and second person to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.
 * Perceived social norms became obsolete. Young women began to express their personalities with new hair styles and more modern, shorter clothes.
 * To the older generation, these women were known as **flappers.** Young women began to be arrested for what society at the time saw as indecent exposure.

**The Scopes Trial**

 * July 10, 1924 - The Scopes Trial or "Monkey Trial" began.
 * John T. Scopes would later be convicted of teaching Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory at a Dayton, Tennessee high school
 * violated Tennessee law.
 * A fine of 100$ would be given to Scoped.
 * Darwin's evolutionary theory is still a contentious topic today in education, for it counters the Christian belief of creationism.

// Documents and Teaching Materials on the Scopes Trial from the National History Education Clearinghouse//

**Native American Experience and Citizenship**
President Calvin Coolidge signed legislation granting citizenship to Native Americans. For more on Native American history, see United States History II.4


 * Photo to the left is U.S. President Calvin Coolidge with four Osage Indians after Coolidge signed the bill granting Indians full citizenship, 1924 **

[|Indian Citizenship Act of 1924]

**The Collapse of a Prosperous Decade and The Stock Market Crash of 1929**
>
 * The Great Depression

http://americasbesthistory.com/abhtimeline1920.html http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/1920s_America.htm
 * Resources**