USI.24

 media type="custom" key="29548017" align="right" =Describe the election of 1828, the importance of Jacksonian democracy, and Jackson's actions as President.=



** Topics on the Page **

 * Andrew Jackson **
 * Election of 1828 **
 * Jacksonian Democracy **
 * ** Peggy O'Neal and the Petticoat Affair **
 * Jackson's Veto of the National Bank **
 * The South Carolina Nullification Crisis **
 * Jackson's Policy of Indian Removal **
 * **Trail of Tears**
 * **Dramatic Event Page on The Trail of Tears**
 * **Sequoyah and the Cherokee Language and Constitution**
 * Jackson's Impact on the Presidency **


 * [[image:Map_of_USA_MA.svg.png width="83" height="53"]]See AP United States History 7 **

**Andrew Jackson**
View this [|timeline] of Andrew Jackson from his birth in 1767 to his death in 1845.

Andrew Jackson is among the most controversial presidents of the United States.
 * While president he enforced his policy as though a tyrant, yet fought for the good of the "common man," men who were not necessarily wealthy plantation owners.
 * He held together the union despite South Carolina, his home state, threatening to secede.
 * His belief in small government and a decentralized banking system helped the lower classes and improved democracy,
 * Yet his removal of the Native American tribes from the South was in the words of historian Robert V. Remini, "one of the saddest chapters in U.S history."

1) [|Andrew Jackson], the 7th president (1829-1837), played a central roll in the Democratic Party (Democratic-Republican) as a national political force. The Democratic Party under Jackson wanted to combine the democratic ideals made by Jefferson, while also defending slavery.

2) Jackson was [|elected President in 1828]. Follow the link for election results by state.



3) [|Jackson]was born in South Carolina in 1767 and rose from poverty to become a military hero and a wealthy planter. He was renowned for his toughness and was given the nickname “Old Hickory.”

4) He killed Charles Dickinson in a duel to protect his wife, [|Rachel Jackson's] honor. Jackson was the first President primarily associated with the frontier. He achieved greatness in the War of 1812 where he defeated the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama.

5) Andrew Jackson was the only President to serve in both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. He routed the British in the Battle of New Orleans, prior to receiving a late message that the war had in fact already ended.

Go here for an analysis of the song, [|The Battle of New Orleans]from the American Memory Project.

**Election of 1828**
The election between Andrew Jackson and [|John Quincy Adams] was instrumental for a number of reasons.
 * It was the first election in American history to appeal directly to voters. Political organizers set up networks of campaign committees to appeal to voters to elect Andrew Jackson. Jackson's goal was to appeal to the "[|Common Man]."
 * The election saw the rise of the modern two-party political system with Jackson's Democratic Party and the Whigs of John Quincy Adams. Participation in the election is also of note. The number of those participating in the election was 4 times as great as those who participated in the election of 1820 and twice as great as in 1824.
 * The election of Andrew Jackson marked a watershed in electoral politics and national history. It marked the start of a true a democratic vision of politics, started the modern structure of political campaigning and broadened the support of participation.

Andrew Jackson's [|major acts] as 7th President of the United States.


 * Click [|here] to check out a number of lesson plans examining the Election of 1828!
 * Click [|here] for an in-class game called The Jackson Game. When you get to the page click the hyperlinked "The Jackson Game" to get a download of how to play the game in a Microsoft Word document.


 * Click [|here] for a crash course on the Age of Jackson
 * Click here for a biography movie on Andrew Jackson from PBS

**Jacksonian Democracy**
Politics under Andrew Jackson changed greatly. He believed that all [white] men had the capacity to participate in government. Under Jackson the United States saw a decrease in the power of the church and a spreading of secondary education; these actions sparked interest among the masses and created a sense of more widespread political involvement.

Jackson’s election coincided with the conflict between the emerging capitalism of the North and the slave economy of the South.


 * After his election, his rivals coalesced into an opposition party which came to be known as the [|Whig Party].


 * The leaders of the Whigs, Henry Clay of Kentucky and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, advocated a policy of national economic development favorable to industry and commerce. However, they generally opposed radical measures that would antagonize the South.


 * When Jackson became President, he created the theory of rotation in office, declaring it "a leading principle in the republican creed." He believed that rotation in office would prevent the development of a corrupt bureaucracy. The right to vote in the US extended to almost the entire adult white male population in the first two decades of the 19th century.

Click [|here] for a lesson plan on the Jacksonian Democracy
 * However, Jackson based his government on the [|Spoils System] which rewarded his supporters by giving them government jobs. While the Spoils System may have existed before Andrew Jackson, he greatly extended its presence in American politics.

Digital History offers a [|primary document comparison worksheet] of the emerging political parties in the Jacksonian era. [|Quizlet] flashcard study plan

See United States Government 3.7 for more on the development of political parties in the American system.

[|Letters of correspondence] between Andrew Jackson and his wife, Rachel.

Image shows an Old Cigar box lid depicting Margaret O'Neal who became the wife of the Secretary of the Navy under Andrew Jackson. On the left we can see the President Jackson offering flowers to Margaret O'Neal after the scandal with the Washington wives. On the right picture, we can see her husband during a duel with a man who insulted her. - The first major scandal for Jackson's administration - sparked the [|Petticoat Affair] - this affair drastically changed Jackson's cabinet as well as contributing to the development of the spoils system
 * Peggy Eaton and the Petticoat Affair**

Jackson’s veto of the National Bank
The [|Second Bank of the United States] was the bank that Jackson greatly opposed, as it was a privately owned monopoly.
 * Jackson regarded the Bank as an institution which primarily benefited the upper classes at the expense of the poor. When Jackson showed hostility toward it, the Bank threw its power against him. The bank was shut down by Jackson too much opposition from northern capitalists.
 * Jackson’s followers claimed to fight on the people’s side against the “manufacturing monopolies.” They sought aid in the poor for a crusade for “hard money.” These plights were directed toward farmers and other common people.

Clay and Webster, who had acted as attorneys for the Bank, led the fight for its recharter in Congress.
 * "The bank," Jackson told Martin Van Buren, "is trying to kill me, // but I will kill it! // " Jackson thought that he was a supporter of an agricultural republic.
 * He thought that the bank was showing the fortunes of the elite people in society.
 * Jackson destroyed the bank, after a huge struggle, by vetoing its re-charter and by withdrawing all of the U.S. funds from it in 1833.

The functions of the Bank were taken up by local and state banks, leading to an expansion of credit and speculation. Jackson issued the [|Specie Circular].
 * This instructed the treasury to accept only gold, specie, as payment. Because many banks did not have specie, they collapsed, leading into the Panic of 1873.
 * The Panic of 1863 was a depression in which Britain bought less cotton from the south, pulled its money out U.S. banks, and factories closed.

[|Jackson’s veto message]

For an overview of The War Against the Bank, click [|here].

From Digital History, a [|worksheet comparing primary resources] of The Bank War can be found here, including Jackson's Veto message, Webster's response, and an excerpt from the Boston Daily Advertiser.

The South Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)
See United States History I.36 for more on the crisis

In the Jacksonian era, the North was mainly industrial while the South was mainly agricultural.
 * In 1828, Congress passes a tariff on imported goods, primarily manufactured.
 * Due to the South's reliance on the North and other countries for manufactured goods, Southern states saw this tariff as a threat to their economy.
 * The states said Congress was overstepping its power, and this caused a prolonged debate over the power of the federal government.

By 1832, another tariff was passed, and South Carolina declared these tariffs null and void.
 * In addition, South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union.
 * Jackson reacted by sending troops to the state, and Henry Clay proposed a compromise tariff.
 * While these actions halted the crisis from escalating, the fragile relationship between the North and South became more prominent.

For more information and[| lesson plans for the Nullification Crisis], visit the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History website.

To see a short video of how the Nullification Crisis happened, go [|here].

Jackson’s policy of Indian Removal
**Andrew Jackson was a leading advocate of a policy known as "Indian Removal ," signing the [|Indian Removal Act] into law in 1830.**
 * [|Andrew Jackson's Speech to Congress on Indian Removal] (1830)
 * Click [|here] for primary sources on Indian Removal including maps of displaced natives and senate debates.
 * **[|Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek](1830)**
 * **[|Treaty of New Encota]** (1835)

Indian removal relocated the Indian population living east of the Mississippi river onto land that was left open for them.



Jackson's policies impacted what are known as the "**Five Civilized Tribes"** living in the southeastern United States: **Choctaws, Chickasaw, Seminole, Creek, and Cherokee**.

The Civilized Tribes were so called because of their efforts to adopt aspects of White culture and society.

In //[|Worcester vs. Georgia](1832)//, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokees, and therefore couldn't forcibly remove them from the territory. Jackson's ignored the Court, declaring. "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it."

In all some, 25 million acres of land opened to White settlement and slavery.

Out of the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee, the Cherokees held out the longest.



**Trail of Tears**

 * **Dramatic Event Page on The Trail of Tears**


 * Both the state and the president ignored this ruling, and in 1838 the Cherokees were driven from their land by General Winfield Scott in what became known as the [|Trail of Tears].
 * By one estimate 4,000 out of 15,000 Cherokees died in the course of their removal to Oklahoma.
 * At the same time, nearly 70 Indian treaties—many of them land sales—were ratified during Jackson's presidency, the most of any administration.
 * While frequently frowned upon in the North, the Removal Act was popular in the South, where population growth and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land had increased.
 * In all, more than 45,000 American Indians were relocated to the West during Jackson's administration.
 * During this time, the administration purchased about 100 million acres of Indian land for about $68 million and 32 million acres of western lands.

[|Perspectives on the Trail of Tears] from Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

[|Cherokee Women and the Trail of Tears, article from the Journal of Women's History by Theda Purdue]

From PBS, an interactive [|video] on the Trail of Tears

**[|Chief John Ross Protests the Treaty of New Echota]**


 * See also the [|Constitution of the Cherokee Nation] (1827)**

Sequoyah and the Cherokee Language and Constitution


Apple [|Bringing Cherokee Language Support to iPhone and iPad](December 12, 2010).

The [|Cherokee Syllabary] was created by the tribal chief, Sequoyah in 1819 and lead to a 90% literacy rate among members of the tribe by 1830. Follow the link above to hear the sounds of the language.

[|The Cherokee Alphabet] from PBS LearningMedia Click here for more information about the [|life of Sequoyah]

[|Constitution of the Cherokee Nation], 1827

[|Cherokee Phoenix Newspaper, 1828-1834] from Western Carolina University.

[|Letter from Missionary about Cherokee Religion], December 12, 1818



**Andrew Jackson's Impact on the Presidency**
Andrew Jackson also greatly increased Presidential Powers, as seen overwhelmingly in his Bank Wars and the Removal of Native Americans. The political cartoon to the right shows Andrew Jackson dressed as a King, satirizing this point. Be sure to look closely at what's included in the cartoon!

From Rose State College, here is a[| PowerPoint overview of the Jacksonian Era].

[|As Andrew Jackson Fades, A Look at How He Ended Up on Money], National Geographic News (June 20, 2016)


 * Sources**

1. The White House, (2007). Andrew Jackson. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from The White House Web site: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/aj7.html 2. Grazia, Alfred de (2007). Jacksonian Democracy. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from grazian-archive.com Web site: http://www.grazian-archive.com/History/P05_C25_.htm 3. Mintz, S. (2003). The celebrated bank war. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from Digital History Web site: http://digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=640 3. World Socialist Web Site, (2007). Andrew Jackson & the origin of the democratic party. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from World Socialist website Web site: http://www.wsws.org/public_html/prioriss/iwb9-23/andre.htm 4. Yale Law School, (2007). President Jackson's veto message regarding the bank of US. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. The papers of Andrew Jackson Web site: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/veto/ajveto01.htm 5. WGBH Educational Foundation, (1999). Indian removal. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from PBS Web site: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html 6. The State Library of North Carolina, (2009). Andrew Jackson. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from the State Library of North Carolina website: http://statelibrary.ncdcr.gov/nc/bio/public/jackson.htm#Presidency