WHII.1

Rise of the French Monarchy

 * Henry IV**
 * Restored the authority of the central government
 * Curtailed the power of the nobility
 * Launched economic reconstruction and dealt with the religious turmoil by acknoledging and accepting both Catholicism and Protestantism


 * Cardinal Richelieu**
 * Secured authority of the crown over government, culture and the emerging media
 * In 1631 crushed any Protestant resistance and expanded the king's authority in the provinces setting in place the framwork and mechanisms for an absolute monarchy.

**Thirty Years War and Peace of Westphalia** The Thirty Years War was a series of conflicts amongst Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists between 1618-1648
 * [|Louis XIV]**
 * Felt he was responsible to God alone
 * Yielded unlimited authority, all decisions were made by him
 * Destroyed nobility by increasing the use of commoners to run the state
 * Solidified support of the church
 * In 1685, the L'Edit de Fountainbleau revoked the Edict of Nantes, and Huguenots, forbidden to practice, left France in droves.
 * To create a more responsive and effective bureaucracy, Louis instituted new administrative methods to strengthen his control.
 * Weekly ministerial conferences; Continuity in the top four ministries (finance, army, navy, public works), only sixteen ministers in fifty-four years of his personal reign. Ministers chosen by ability not birth.
 * Intendants continued to rule the 36 __generalités__ (provinces)--but they never served where they were born.
 * Financial reform of taxes
 * 1618-1625 Bohemian period
 * 1625-1629 Danish period
 * 1630-1635 Swedish period
 * 1635-1648 French period

The Catholic House of Austria (the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors Ferdinand II and Ferdinand III) together with Spain (Philip IV) was opposed by the Dutch, France, and Sweden. It was also a German civil war between Catholics and Protestants.

The [|Peace of Westphalia 1648] and the Treaty of Pyrenees 1659 the right of the individual states within the Empire to make war and adopt alliances was recognized, German unity was postponed for more than two centuries. France replaced Spain as the greatest power in Europe, the recognition of Switzerland and the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands.

[| Timeline of Russian History] from e-Museum at Minnesota State University Mankato
 * Russian Czars and Westernization**

Mikhail Feodorovich Czar from 1613-1645 Established a unified Russian state and resumed relations with foreign states.

[|Peter the Great] Czar 1682-1721. Main objective was the indoctrination of western ideals and mondernization in Russia by going abroad in 1696.

Westernizing Russia
 * Abolish all conservative Russian traditionalism
 * Subjugated the church to the state
 * Created a new capital St. Petersburg in 1703
 * Established Russia's naval forces
 * Reorganized the army according to European models
 * Created a senate
 * Introduced a new tax system
 * Introduced schools to teach the alphabet and basic arithmetic
 * Established a printing house and the Academy of Sciences