E.3.9+Describe+how+the+earnings+of+workers+are+determined+by+the+market+value+of+the+product+produced+and+by+the+workers'+productivity.



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=//Focus Question: What factors influence wages and productivity of workers?//=



** Wages and Earnings **

 * ** Equal Pay Days **
 * ** Black Women's Equal Pay Day **

** Minimum Wage **

 * **History of the Minimum Wage**

** Living Wage and Basic Needs Budget **

 * See Special Topic Page on ** Salary Caps and Professional Sports Teams **

** 8-Hour Day and 40-Hour Work Week **

 * ** Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 **


 * In 2013, average CEO salary was $15 million**
 * **average worker salary at same company $52,000**



[[image:dollarsign.png width="40" height="40"]]** Wages and Earnings **
==== To see the how much money people earn in different jobs and occupations, go to the [|Bureau of Labor Statistic's Occupational Outlook Handbook] that shows median income for occupational groups.====
 * Highest Paying Occupations
 * Fastest Growing Occupations
 * Most New Jobs

Earnings and Unemployment Rates by Educational Attainment, 2015

**The Most Common Job in Every State: 1978 to 2014**
 * **Manufacturing jobs have disappeared and there are fewer and fewer farmers**
 * **Secretaries are no longer in demand**
 * **Truck drivers remain a high demand job**

[[image:https://cloudfront.mediamatters.org/static/uploader/image/2016/08/23/equalpaybreakdown.jpg width="520" height="260" align="right" caption="Image by Media Matters for America"]]Equal Pay Days

 * [[image:Female_Rose.png]][|Equal Pay Day] (April 12, 2016) marks the date that white women would need to work into 2016 to equal the wages earned by men in 2015.**
 * **For more, see [|Myth Busting the Pay Gap]from the official blog of the U.S. Department of Labor.**
 * **Click here for the Global Gender Gap for 2014**


 * Black Women's Equal Pay Day**
 * **July 31**
 * **Black women must work 1 year and 8 months to earn as much as their White male counterparts**


 * ** [|2012 National Occupational and Wage Estimates]from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. **


 * American Teens Can't Read a Pay Slip from MarketWatch.com reports findings that American teens struggle with most financial concepts


 * [|New Report Shows how Walmart Forces Its Employees to Live on the Dole], from Mother Jones, June 2013

**[|Can you Survive on Fast-Food Wages? Try Our Calculator]** from Mother Jones (August 1, 2013). Here are more facts reported by Mother Jones, November/December 2013, p. 11.
 * Median hourly wage for fast-food workers nationwide: $8.94 an hour
 * Percentage of fast-food workers who are women: 65%
 * Percentage of fast-food workers older than 20 who have children: 36%
 * Income of someone earning $8.84 an hour: $18,595 a year

Click here for an explanation and video that guides the viewer through a paystub

**[|Striking It Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States].** Emmanuel Saez, University of California at Berkeley (September 3, 2013). This research shows that the top 1 percent's share of income is at its highest level since 1928.
 * To get a sense of how much the top 1% earns compared to the rest of Americans, watch this short [|video] from 2012.
 * In 2013, Bill Gates was the richest American for the 20th year in a row.


 * [[image:primary_sources.PNG width="58" height="47" link="http://www.wowonline.org/documents/ComingUpShort2011.pdf"]]Coming Up Short: Wages, Public Assistance and Economic Security**, a 2011 report from the organization, Wider Opportunities for Women shows how workers without four-year degree with struggle to earn enough money in low-paying jobs.
 * Between 2008 and 2018, the number of professional and service jobs will increase while employment in production, including manufacturing, will continue to decline.
 * This will include many jobs for nurses, home health aides and customer service representatives, but fewer well-paying factory jobs.
 * The fastest growth will be in jobs that require an associate's degree
 * Fewer than 13 percent of the jobs created by 2018 that can be filled by a person without a four-year degree will support a single parent and two children.
 * Only 43 percent of new jobs created by 2018 will enable a family with two wage earners to have economic security.
 * (Material summarized from "Who Stole the Future?" Stephanie Kraft, Valley Advocate, May 5, 2011, p. 7).



Click here for a short summary of labor economist Stephen J. Rose's work on [|Social Stratification in the United States]

Fair Labor Standards Act- this act was established in 1938, but has been amends as late as July 2009 to update the minimum wage. This act established a minimum wage, overtime, record keeping, and youth employment standards.

**Minimum Wage**

 * What is the History of the Minimum Wage? from University of California Davis**


 * The [|Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2013]would raise the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 an hour.**

Here is a map that breaks down the minimum wage in every state from the U. S. Department of Labor.

Here is the state by state minimum wage breakdown from 1968-2012.

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set the minimum wage at $.25 an hour.
 * To get a sense of what $.25 was worth back then, refer to the picture below.
 * In 1941, the minimum wage was $.30; that is $4.82 in 2015 dollars



[|Seattle's Minimum Wage is now $15 an hour: is that a good idea?] by economist Gary Burtless

===Should the Minimum. Wage Be Increased? Background on the Issue===

Where are the World's Highest Minimum Wages? World Economic Forum



** Living Wage and Basic Needs Budget **

 * [[image:game_icon.svg.png width="60" height="56" link="http://livingwage.mit.edu"]][|Living Wage Calculator] from Massachusetts Institute of Technology by state and communities across the United States.**


 * [|The Minimum Wage Just Went Up—But the Fight for a Living Wage is More Urgent Than Ever], Valley Advocate, February 24, 2016**


 * [[image:masscities.png width="80" height="48" link="@http://livingwage.mit.edu/states/25"]]Living Wage Calculation for Massachusetts, from MIT**

Basic Needs Budget Calculator shows how much it takes for families to afford minimum daily necessities, from National Center for Children in Poverty


 * ====See the online game, **[|Spent]** to simulate how to build a budget using limited financial resources.====



8 Hour Work Day and 40 Hour Work Week
Does the 8-Hour Day and the 40-Hour Week Come From Henry Ford, or Labor Unions? Politifact (September 9, 2015)

Eight-Hour Movement, Encyclopedia of Chicago

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, U. S. Department of Labor
 * Established minimum wage (25 cents an hour)
 * Maximum work week (44 hours)
 * Banned child labor