USII.8



= = = = =Analyze the origins of Progressivism and Important Progressive Leaders and summarize the major accomplishments of Progressivism= = = media type="custom" key="29360093" align="right"

//Focus Question: Who were the important Progressive leaders and what were their accomplishments?//
**For more, see AP United States History 17**


 * **Influential Literature Page: Upton Sinclair and The Jungle**
 * **Historical** **Biography Page** **Theodore Roosevelt**
 * **Historical** **Biography Page: Helen Keller, Author and Political Activist**
 * **Historical Biography Page: Elizabeth Cochrane (Nellie Bly)**


 * Other Leaders and Legislation on this page include : **
 * ===P**rogressive Era Overview** .... ===

Lewis Hine

Jacob Riis || ===**Progressive Leaders** .. ===

Jane Addams

William Jennings Bryan

John Dewey

Robert LaFollette

William Howard Taft

Ida Tarbell

Woodrow Wilson

Carrie Chapman Catt

Eleanor Roosevelt || ===**African Americans, Women,** **Native Americans** .... ===

W.E.B. DuBois

Booker T. Washington

Billie Holiday

Ida B. Wells

William Monroe Trotter || ===**Key Policies and Legislation**===

Child Labor laws

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Pure Food and Drug Act

Meat Packing Act

Federal Reserve Act

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

19th Amendment || ||

For an interactive Timeline of the Progressive Era with links to explanations of various acts can be found here.

**Overview of the Progressive Era (1890-1920)**
[|Progressive Era Overview]

From the Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site: //"Progressivism is the term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems rapid industrialization introduced to America. Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. The early progressives rejected [|Social Darwinism]. In other words, they were people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace."//

Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed that government could be a tool for change.
 * Social reformers, like Jane Addams, and journalists, like Jacob Riis and Ida Tarbel, were powerful voices for progressivism.
 * They concentrated on exposing the evils of corporate greed, combating fear of immigrants, and urging Americans to think hard about what democracy meant.
 * Other local leaders encouraged Americans to register to vote, fight political corruption, and let the voting public decide how issues should best be addressed (the initiative, the referendum, and the recall).

[|Crash Course on the Progressive Era]
 * For more context on the Progressive era, click here.

**Teaching and Learning Resources**

 * Women in the Progressive Era, a unit plan from Oregon Public Broadcast.


 * [|Women in the Progressive Era] from the National Parks Service.

[|By Popular Demand: Votes for Women's Suffrage Pictures, 1850-1920] from the Library of Congress.
 * Click here for a lesson plan on Progressivism
 * [|Digital timeline and lesson plan]

On a national level, progressivism gained a strong voice in the White House when [|Theodore Roosevelt] became president in 1901. TR believed that strong corporations were good for America, but he also believed that corporate behavior must be watched to ensure that corporate greed did not get out of hand (trust-busting and federal regulation of business).

The early age of Progressivism ended with [|World War I] when the horrors of war exposed people's cruelty and many Americans associated President [|Woodrow Wilson]'s use of progressive language ("the war to make the world safe for democracy") with the war.

For an timeline and other Progressive Era multimedia, please click here.

**Lewis Hine and Jacob Riis**
Lewis Hine and Jacob Riis were photographers who worked to document lives of immigrants in the United States. For a slideshow of the photos of reformers [|Lewis Hine] and Jacob Riis, see USII.2.
 * Hine began taking photos in 1904 of immigrants arriving on Ellis Island.
 * He also took photographs of immigrant tenements and sweatshops. He was eventually hired by the National Child Labor Committee, where he photographed child labor.
 * The pictures of child labor showed many people the appalling conditions that children were forced to work in. Later in his life, Hine was a photographer for the Red Cross and the construction of the Empire State Building.
 * Riis is considered the "godfather of investigative journalism" photographed New York City conditions for immigrants and the poor and published them in a book, //How the Other Half Lives//.
 * Teddy Roosevelt, the NYC police commissioner at the time, was disgusted and had the police lodging photographed in the book shut down. Riis recorded the conditions he encountered and spent the next 25 years traveling and lecturing about poverty and the issues millions of people faced.

See also Mornings on Maple Street: Lewis Hine Project for 100 years of child labor history.

Click here for a gallery of child labor photos from Hine

Women Reformers in the Progressive Era from the National Council for Social Studies.

[|Excerpt from The Bitter Cry of Children], John Spargo, 1906 on the experiences of children in coal mines.

[[image:Female_Rose.png]]A. [|Jane Addams] (for more, see Influential Women in American History)

 * September 6, 1860- Mary 21, 1935
 * founder of the Settlement House Movement
 * first American woman to win the Noble Peace Prize (1931)
 * Hull House in Chicago in 1889 to aid immigrants
 * Fought to create child labor laws

Click here for [|Jane Addams' Biography]from the Noble Prize.org. Click here for her obituary: [|Jane Addams A Foe of War and Need], //The New York Times//, May 22, 1935.

Click here for a timeline of Addams' life [|The Life and Work of Jane Addams] from YouTube. See also two authors discuss [|Jane Addams life and work] in June 2006 at the C-Span Video Library.
 * Excerpts from Twenty Years at Hull House (1910) as well as short sources by Jacob Riis, John Spargo and Lincoln Steffens, among others.
 * Click here for Hull House Maps and Papers. Works contributed by various authors, including Jane Addams

[|Jane Addams Hull-House Museum]. See also [|Urban Experience in Chicago: Hull-House and its Neighborhoods, 1889-1963]from the University of Illinois at Chicago.

B. [|William Jennings Bryan]
Postcard shows photographs of William Jennings Bryan, Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States in 1896, 1900 and 1908, and his 1908 running mate, John W. Kern, and the U.S. Capitol.
 * March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925
 * Ran for Democratic president three times
 * Supported Prohibition, anti-imperialism, Free Silver, and trust-busting
 * Fought against Social Darwinism, leading to Scope Trials, which he died before the verdict.

The "[|Cross of Gold]" speech lays out the dangers and unfairness of a gold standard to the American People. It is also what put Bryan on the political map.

Click here to listen to the 'Cross of Gold' speech.


 * Click here for a lesson plan "Rise of Populists and William Jennings Bryan

C. [|John Dewey]

 * October 20, 1859-June 1, 1952
 * very progressive ideas about education
 * focused on expanding ideas and intellect, not just memorization
 * students should incorporate past experiences into their learning

Click here for an eHow article on a Dewey classroom

[[image:http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/l/pics/lafolette-robert.jpg width="205" height="299" align="right"]]
Click here for an essay from Dewey on education

D. [|Robert La Follette]

 * June 14, 1855-June 18, 1925
 * Congressman and Senator; ran for president
 * Supported railroads, bossism, World War I and the League of Nations
 * Helped draft Tariff Act of 1890
 * Refused a bribe, becoming outspoken about “[|machine politics]”
 * Lead the Progressive wing of Republicans
 * Supported child labor laws, Suffrage, and spoke out against World War I

Click here for lesson plans on political cartoons on La Follette Click here for excerpts from La Follette's speech "The Danger Threatening Representative Government"

Click here to watch the Fighting Bob La Follette

E. President Theodore Roosevelt

 * Historical** **Biography Page** **Theodore Roosevelt**

F. Upton Sinclair.

 * Influential Literature Page: Upton Sinclair and The Jungle**

===G. President William H. Taft===
 * September 15, 1857- March 8, 1930
 * Progressives were pleased with Taft's election.
 * "Roosevelt has cut enough hay," they said; "Taft is the man to put it into the barn." (1)
 * Defended the Payne-Aldrich Act, continuing high taxes
 * Lost Progressive support because they did not support higher taxes
 * During his Presidency, Taft and his administration started 80 antitrust suits
 * Submitted amendments for Federal income tax
 * Supported direct election of Senators
 * Established postal savings system
 * Interstate Commerce Commission to set railroad rates

Click here to read about Taft's legislation Click here for Taft's inaugural address

[[image:Female_Rose.png]]**H. Ida Tarbell**
> Click here for an essay about Tarbell's work.
 * November 5, 1857- January 6, 1944
 * The only woman in her 1880 graduating class from Allegheny College
 * [[image:primary_sources.PNG]]Wrote //[|The History of the Standard Oil Company]//
 * “Muckracker” (investigative journalist)
 * First investigative report was on the belief that women would fix the politics men corrupted
 * Also wrote biographies of Abraham Lincoln and Napoleon
 * Exposed the Rockefeller’s monopoly of the oil industry and possible anti-trust violations
 * Spent two years studying public records, court testimony, newspaper articles, and other reports
 * Became a 19-part series exposing unethical practices
 * Series ended with a 2-part series on Rockefeller
 * Her writing on the Standard Oil Company helped lead to the eventual breaking up of the company through the Sherman Antitrust act.
 * Did not disapprove of him as a person, but disapproved of his practices
 * Her series on Standard Oil is ranked in the top five of 100 pieces of American journalism



[[image:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG width="80" height="53"]]I. President Woodrow Wilson
He was also a racist and under his presidency he permitted segregation in federal offices.[|Woodrow Wilson and African Americans] [|Presidential Election of 1912: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress.
 * December 28, 1856-February 3, 1924
 * As president, he created the Federal Trade Commission, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act, the Underwood Tariff, the Federal Farm Loan Act and the Federal Reserve System
 * Promoted labor union development, controlled the railroads, and did not allow anti-war protests. See also Photographs of Woodrow Wilson

Click here to learn about [|Wilson receiving the 1919 Noble Peace Prize].

Go here for the [|Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library]located in Staunton, Virginia.

For a number of perspectives on Wilson, click here.

[[image:catt-car.jpg align="left"]]
Click here for a lesson plan on Chapman Catt
 * J. [|Carrie Chapman Catt]**
 * Helped reorganize the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
 * Was one of the first women superintendents
 * Made speeches, planned campaigns, and worked to win political support for women's suffrage
 * Traveled to Europe to promote suffrage
 * Created the "Winning Plan" to win suffrage on a state and national level
 * [[image:lessonplan.jpg width="71" height="54" align="left"]]



[[image:Female_Rose.png]] [|Helen Keller] was a forceful voice for political change during the early 20th century.

 * Historical** **Biography Page: Helen Keller, Author and Political Activist**

===**Historical Biography Page for Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady and Citizen Activist**===

[[image:Female_Rose.png]]**African American Women in the Progressive Movement**
"African American women were also involved in reform efforts during the Progressive Era, largely independently from white women. During the Progressive Era, many important changes occurred in the lives of black women. Hundreds of thousands migrated from the South to the North and from rural to urban areas. In addition, many black women moved from employment in agriculture to employment in factories and as domestic servants. In addition to facing sexism, black women also faced institutional racism and overtly violent acts of racism, such as lynching." 9]

When the suffrage movement often ignored women of color, __Mary Church Terrell__ became active in organizing women to fight for equal rights via her organization the National Association of Colored Women: @http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/civil/jb_civil_terrell_1.html


 * African Americans & The Progressive Movement**

1. W.E.B. Du Bois:
===first African American to earn a PhD at Harvard, critical of Booker T Washington for telling African Americans to assimilate into White America w/o resisting, founder of the NAACP, was active not only in racial civil rights but also women's rights and labor rights.===


 * Some primary sources on the work and contributions of W.E.B. Du Bois: @http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-sources.html
 * DuBoisopedia, Du Bois Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst

2. Booker T Washington:
===**founded the Tuskegee institute for black students, was an educator & advisor to Presidents: @http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/progress/jb_progress_btwash_1.html**===

Jazz singer, sang famous song "Strange Fruit" about lynching: @http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr07.html
To listen to "Strange Fruit," click here.

4. James Baldwin:
novelist, strong civil rights activist and outspoken anti-racist organizer: @http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_baldwin_1.html For a glimpse at Baldwin's progressive politics, watch this debate with William Buckley.



5. William Monroe Trotter
African American Journalist who Graduated from Harvard and fought for equal rights. While he did not agree with Booker T. Washington's approach to end racism he was good friends with W.E.B Du Bois.

[|Willaim Monroe Trotter Biograpgy]



6. Ida B Wells:
Civil rights activist and pioneering journalist writing about racism and racial politics: @http://www.biography.com/people/ida-b-wells-9527635

Passion for Justice Documentary about Ida B Wells: @http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXZFdGhhMnk

Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Her Passion for Justice

Excerpts from Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ids B. Wells

Click here to read about women in the Progressive Era.

Click here to read about African American Reform Ethics

This book is a great source to learn about Indigenous activism: "As progressive reformers took on America's ills at the start of the 20th century, a new generation of Native American reformers took on America, “talking back” to the civilization that had overrun but not crushed their own. This volume offers a collection of 21 primary sources, including journal articles, testimony, and political cartoons by Native Americans of the Progressive Era, who worked in a variety of fields to defend their communities and culture."
 * [[image:Screen Shot 2017-03-23 at 1.58.11 PM.png]]Native Americans and the Progressive Era:**

A. Bans against child labor
Click here for a lesson plan on child labor
 * John Altgeld, governor of Illinois, pushed reform of child labor
 * Limited women and children to a maximum eight-hour day
 * The National Child Labour Committee (1904); persuaded Congress to control child labor
 * 1912: Taft created Children’s Bureau to review child’s well-being
 * Keating-Owen Act: to control child labor laws, put a limit on age of works and amount of time able to work

B. Initiative, Referendum, and Recall
**For more, see Government 3.9** Click here for a lesson plan on initiative, referendum, and recall from iCivics
 * its goal was to break up monopolies
 * Created “electoral device by which voters may express their wishes with regard to government policy or proposed legislation.” (5)

[|Initiative, Referendum and Recall]from the National Conference of State Legislatures

C. Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
Click here to read the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
 * banned the formation of trusts and monopolies
 * Go here for an overview of Anti-Trust Laws from the Federal Trade Commission
 * designed to keep trusts from limiting free trade
 * trusts used the courts to block enforcement
 * was first used to stick labor unions

Northern Securities Case (1904)


 * See Economics 3.5 for more on competition in the American economic system**

D. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
Click here to read the act
 * required food and drug makers to list ingredients on packages
 * attempted to end false advertising and use of impure ingredients
 * protection covered medicines soon after

E. Meat Packing Act (1906)
Click here to read the act
 * designed to protect American’s diet; sought out to find food unfit for consumption and to keep it from the public’s plates
 * response to //The Jungle//
 * meat process plants must be examined as well for sanitary purposes
 * inspected animals before and after slaughtering
 * [|Message from President Theodore Roosevelt to the House of Representatives], June 4, 1906
 * [|Report on Conditions in the Chicago Stock Yards], 1905

F. Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Click here to read the act
 * set up a system of federal banks across the country
 * gave the government the power to increase of decrease interest rates and control the money supply

G. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
Click here to read the act
 * Signed by President Wilson
 * Banned some businesses from practices that limited free enterprise
 * Prevented antitrust laws from being used against union, which was a major victory for labor
 * [|Clayton Antitrust Act explained]by the Federal Trade Commission

H. the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920
[|Nineteenth Amendment]
 * Gave women the right to vote; by 1920, ¾ of the states had ratified it
 * Doubled the number of eligible voters in the U.S.

Works Cited: 7. http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/progressive-era.htm 8. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/peopleevents/pande08.html 9. http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/progressiveera/africanamericanwomen.html
 * 1) http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wt27.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wt27.htmlhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wt27.html
 * 2) http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=156http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=156http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=156
 * 3) http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ww28.html
 * 4) [|www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1061.html]
 * 5) http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063016/referendum-and-initiative
 * 6) http://www.fda.gov/oc/history/2006centennial/meatinspection.html