USG.5.1

=Explain the meaning and responsibilities of citizenship in the United States and Massachusetts. =

//**Focus Question: What has been the changing history and meaning of citizenship in the United States?**//

 * Topics on the Page **
 * Becoming an American Citizen **
 * The Citizenship Test **
 * Citizenship History **
 * ** European Citizenship **
 * ** African American Citizenship **
 * ** Asian American Citizenship **
 * ** Native American Citizenship **
 * ** Mexican American Citizenship **
 * ** Puerto Rican Citizenship **
 * Citizenship in the 21st Century **

Becoming an American Citizen

 * How to Become an American Citizen from Department of Homeland Security**

To be a citizen at birth you must: OR
 * be born in the United States orin certain territories or outlying possessions of the United States and be subject to the jurisdiction of the United States;
 * have a parent or parents who are citizens at the time of your birth (if you were [|born abroad] ).
 *  and meet other requirements

To become a citizen after birth, you must:
 * apply for “derived” or “acquired” [|citizenship through parents]
 * [|apply for naturalization]


 * [[image:primary_sources.PNG link="@https://www.uscis.gov/us-citizenship/naturalization-test/naturalization-oath-allegiance-united-states-america"]]Naturalization Oath of Allegiance to the United States of America**

Citizenship Test


Click here for selections from the U. S. government's [|citizenship quiz] with the option of taking only a sampling of questions.
 * See also [|Flunking Civics: Why American Kids Know So Little]that includes a civics quiz on the streets of Chicago in 2011, from the American Bar Association Journal.

[|Civic Literacy Exam] from the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. Average score among American adults was 49%.

Who Deserves to be Called an American Citizen? Annalise Orleck, Dartmouth College

**European Immigration**

 * 1790 Alien Naturalization Act**
 * //Stated only a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof," //

[[image:multicultural.png]]African American Citizenship

 * 14th and 15th Amendments**


 * [|14th amendment and citizenship] from the Library of Congress**
 * **14th Amendment to the Constitution**
 * This amendment granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed.
 * In addition, it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Asian American Citizenship



 * Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882**


 * Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts**


 * The Chinese Exclusion Act**


 * [[image:primary_sources.PNG link="@https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/chinese.html"]]The Chinese Exclusion Act: Primary Documents**


 * The image above shows President Calvin Coolidge with four Osage Indians after Coolidge signed the bill granting Indians full citizenship **


 * Indian Citizenship Act of 1924**

Congress Grants Citizenship to all Native Americans Born in the U. S., June 24, 1924



**[[image:Screen Shot 2016-10-28 at 1.00.01 PM.png width="52" height="82"]]Mexican American Citizenship**

 * America's Forgotten History of Mexican-American Repatriation, Fresh Air, NPR, September10, 2015**
 * With a scarcity of jobs during the Depression, more than a million people of Mexican descent were sent to Mexico; 60 percent with U.S. citizens


 * [[image:book.png width="60" height="34" link="@https://www.amazon.com/Decade-Betrayal-Mexican-Repatriation-1930s/dp/0826339735/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1479058016&sr=1-1&keywords=decade+of+betrayal+mexican+repatriation+in+the+1930s"]]Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s**. Francisco Balderrama and Raymond Rodriguez, 2006


 * [[image:Screen Shot 2016-10-28 at 1.41.57 PM.png width="76" height="66" link="@https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us475"]]Hernandez V. Texas (1954)**
 * Purposeful exclusion on Mexican-Americans from jury service violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
 * **Remembering Hernandez v. Texas**



Puerto Rican Citizenship
The Jones Act (1917)
 * Puerto Ricans Gained U.S. Citizenship, March 2, 1917

Puerto Ricans can carry U.S.passports, enter the mainland freely, but cannot vote for President

In 2016, Jenniffer Gonzalez was elected the first woman Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico

Citizenship in 21st Century
For [|writing by teachers and students about citizenship in the 21st century], visit an online exhibit from the National Council for the Social Studies in the National Gallery of Writing.

Click here for an [|article regarding a speech given by President Obama on his definition of citizenship]

Go here for an Outline of the requirements for being a resident of Massachusetts

Click for a [|lesson plan], including essays and other resources on "Promoting Active Citizenship"