Indigenous+Americas,+1000+BCE+-+1980+CE

Some important works:
Chavín de Huántar. Northern highlands, Peru. Chavín. 900–200 B.C.E. Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanzón and sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry).

Mesa Verde
Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. Montezuma County, Colorado. Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi). 450–1300 C.E. Sandstone.

Mesa Verde National Park/UNESCO World Heritage Site


 * These are not the only examples of cliff dwellings in the American Southwest.
 * Read more about different sites here.


 * Ancient Ruins in the Canon de Chile, in a Niche Fifty Feet Above Present Canon Bed, Timothy H. Sullivan, 1873**, from J. Paul Getty Museum

Mesa Verde Photo Gallery, National Park Service

Yaxchilán. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 C.E. Limestone (architectural complex).
 * View the Yaxchilán lintels in depth.



Serpent Mound
Great Serpent Mound. Adams County, southern Ohio. Mississippian (Eastern Woodlands). c. 1070 C.E. Earthwork/effigy mound.
 * View another text on the Great Serpent Mound here from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 * History Got it Wrong: Scientists Now Say Serpent Mound as Old as Aristotle


 * [[image:Multimedia.png link="@https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GH3l6RpAfFE"]]Great Serpent Mound**

Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375–1520 C.E. Stone (temple); volcanic stone (The Coyolxauhqui Stone); jadeite (Olmec-style mask); basalt (Calendar Stone).

Ruler’s feather headdress (probably of Motecuhzoma II). Mexica (Aztec). 1428–1520 C.E. Feathers (quetzal and cotinga) and gold.

**Walls of Cusco**
City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (Inka main temple), Santo Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 C.E; convent added 1550–1650 C.E. Andesite.

Saksaywaman, Cusco

Inca Art, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

Maize cobs. Inka. c. 1440–1533 C.E. Sheet metal/repoussé, metal alloys.

Machu Picchu
City of Machu Picchu. Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1450–1540 C.E. Granite (architectural complex).
 * View extremely high-resolution images of Machu Picchu here and here.

Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas, Peabody Museum of Natural History

All-T’oqapu tunic. Inka. 1450–1540 C.E. Camelid fiber and cotton.



Bandolier bag. Lenape (Delaware tribe, Eastern Woodlands). c. 1850 C.E. Beadwork on leather.

Transformation mask. Kwakwaka’wakw, Northwest coast of Canada. Late 19th century C.E. Wood, paint, and string.

Painted elk hide. Attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody), Eastern Shoshone, Wind River Reservation, Wyoming. c. 1890–1900 C.E. Painted elk hide.

Black-on-black ceramic vessel. Maria Martínez and Julian Martínez, Tewa, Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico. c. mid-20th century C.E. Blackware ceramic.



Some texts to consider:
Cathy Costin, "Hybrid Objects, Hybrid Social Identities: Style and Social Structure in the Late Horizon Andes," University of Calgary, 2011.

For information on pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas,

 * ==== See World History I.13 ====
 * See World History I.14


 * ==== Comparison of Precolumbian Civilizations ====